Researchers have identified 20 previously unknown viruses in bats from southwestern China, including two closely related to the highly fatal Nipah and Hendra viruses. These findings have raised new concerns about potential spillover risks to humans and livestock.
The study, conducted in Yunnan province, found the new “henipaviruses” in fruit bats (Rousettus leschenaultii) living in orchards close to human settlements. Nipah and Hendra viruses, which originate in bats, can cause severe brain inflammation and respiratory illness in humans, with fatality rates reaching up to 75%.
The research team collected kidney samples from 142 bats across 10 species using a genetic sequencing technique called metatranscriptomics. In addition to the 20 new viruses, they also discovered a new bacterial species and a protozoan parasite. The close proximity of these bats to areas where humans and livestock live and feed raises concerns about indirect transmission through contaminated fruit.
Independent experts, however, urge caution in interpreting the findings. Dr. Alison Peel, a wildlife disease ecologist at the University of Sydney, emphasized that although one of the newly discovered viruses is genetically the closest known relative to Nipah and Hendra, there are key differences in the viral regions that determine the ability to infect new hosts.
“We can’t automatically assume that it can cross over to new species,” said Peel. “Further lab studies are needed to determine the actual risk.”
Dr. Peel also noted that in Australia, habitat destruction and loss of natural food sources for bats have been linked to increased virus spillover, suggesting similar dynamics may be at play in China.
Rather than blaming bats, researchers and conservationists are calling for ecological solutions, such as restoring bat habitats and protecting their food sources. These steps could reduce contact with humans and lower the risk of virus transmission while preserving vital ecosystem services like pollination and seed dispersal.
Experts also advise against handling bats or other wildlife, as they may carry pathogens dangerous to humans. Bats have previously been linked to several serious outbreaks, including Ebola, SARS, MERS, and COVID-19.
This discovery highlights the need for continued virus surveillance, ecological conservation, and public awareness to reduce the risks of future pandemics.
